15世纪以来,重商主义盛行于欧洲各国。西班牙占据美洲后,开始铸造机制银元,并将其运入中国。美洲独立后,墨西哥银元在英、美领事以及中国地方政府推动下,逐步替代西班牙银元。为了同鹰洋争夺市场份额,英国、日本、法国以及美国先后铸造贸易银元投放中国市场,并通过外交手段推行本国银元。从流通范围来看,各国银元流通区域与该国的势力范围有较高的重合性,但墨西哥铸造的鹰洋流通地域最广、数量最多,英、美国银元只在局部地区与之形成竞争。清廷和北京政府先后铸造银元以驱逐洋银,但成效不彰。近代中国市场上的银元竞争,既存在市场偏好、商民使用习惯等因素,也掺杂了政治和外交的博弈。从银元竞争的过程和结果来看,国家干预虽起到一定效果,但市场作用仍是主要的影响因素。
年份 | 鸦片进口值 | 对外贸易进口总值 | 银元进口额 | 生丝出口值 | 茶叶出口值 | 对外贸易出口总值 | 银元出口额 | ||
1867 | 31995000 | 64538000 | 6765766 | 16526000 | 35546000 | 52158000 | 6862887 | ||
1868 | 26128000 | 65240000 | 8692350 | 25487000 | 37172000 | 61826000 | 5068163 | ||
1869 | 27572000 | 68494000 | 7969253 | 19851000 | 37071000 | 60139000 | 4282052 | ||
1870 | 26882000 | 65623000 | 4981980 | 21976000 | 30766000 | 55295000 | 3503980 | ||
1871 | 29262000 | 72098000 | 9006568 | 25952000 | 40326000 | 66853000 | 5712790 | ||
1872 | 27653000 | 70223000 | 5771514 | 28452000 | 44795000 | 75288000 | 3001941 | ||
1873 | 29027000 | 69158000 | 4541089 | 29000000 | 39299000 | 69451000 | 3237072 | ||
1874 | 28565000 | 67241000 | 8756314 | 20502000 | 36826000 | 66713000 | 2478696 | ||
1875 | 25355000 | 69994000 | 6880974 | 20695000 | 36698000 | 68913000 | 3775743 | ||
1876 | 28019000 | 72391000 | 4997102 | 31654000 | 36648000 | 80851000 | 3669654 | ||
1877 | 30258000 | 76067000 | 5750279 | 18134000 | 33332000 | 67445000 | 3800770 | ||
1878 | 32263000 | 73188000 | 6065689 | 20376000 | 32013000 | 67172000 | 4007308 | ||
1879 | 36537000 | 84796000 | 3400133 | 23872000 | 33272000 | 72281000 | 3631136 | ||
1880 | 32345000 | 81640000 | 5295693 | 24176000 | 35728000 | 77884000 | 3399993 | ||
1881 | 37592000 | 93884000 | 2892807 | 22017000 | 32890000 | 71453000 | 4514924 | ||
1882 | 26746000 | 79504000 | 2357866 | 18899000 | 31332000 | 67337000 | 3467246 | ||
1883 | 25346000 | 74954000 | 3217080 | 19258000 | 32174000 | 70198000 | 2033469 | ||
1884 | 26150000 | 74330000 | 3434061 | 18306000 | 29055000 | 67148000 | 2133606 | ||
1885 | 25439000 | 89407000 | 4984897 | 15256000 | 32269000 | 65006000 | 1387914 | ||
1886 | 24989000 | 89310000 | 23637732 | 21852000 | 33505000 | 77207000 | 2822314 | ||
1887 | 27927000 | 104496000 | 14074356 | 24607000 | 30041000 | 85860000 | 2887839 | ||
1888 | 32331000 | 126827000 | 10514910 | 23765000 | 30293000 | 92401000 | 3757645 | ||
1889 | 30445000 | 113261000 | 15698640 | 28642000 | 28257000 | 96948000 | 6300871 | ||
1890 | 28956000 | 128758000 | 10532482 | 24491000 | 26663000 | 87144000 | 10081764 | ||
1891 | 28333000 | 136011000 | 8668527 | 29884000 | 31029000 | 100948000 | 9411730 | ||
1892 | 27418000 | 137423000 | 10170086 | 30341000 | 25894000 | 102584000 | 12398558 | ||
1893 | 31691000 | 153327000 | 12766514 | 29325000 | 30559000 | 116632000 | 9887659 | ||
1894 | 33336000 | 165646000 | 13366607 | 33604000 | 31855000 | 128105000 | 10095780 | ||
1895 | 29165000 | 179947000 | 26101349 | 38724000 | 32450000 | 143293000 | 7941363 | ||
1896 | 28652000 | 211623000 | 15123747 | 31672000 | 30157000 | 131081000 | 13999675 | ||
1897 | 27901000 | 212235000 | 15479880 | 44461000 | 29217000 | 163501000 | 17598807 | ||
1898 | 29256000 | 218745000 | 15401427 | 45413000 | 28879000 | 159037000 | 20850968 | ||
1899 | 35793000 | 273756000 | 14447539 | 71583000 | 31469000 | 195785000 | 2052000 | 9 | |
1900 | 31031000 | 222129000 | 19074962 | 39732000 | 25445000 | 158997000 | 19453227 | ||
1901 | 32937000 | 27714000 | 07560177 | 50027000 | 18513000 | 169657000 | 18231237 | ||
1902 | 35457000 | 325547000 | 9824623 | 68954000 | 2286000 | 0214182000 | 18993547 | ||
1903 | 43831000 | 336853000 | 16012587 | 59335000 | 26334000 | 214352000 | 25443204 | ||
1904 | 37904000 | 357445000 | 19321536 | 65687000 | 30302000 | 239487000 | 28736115 | ||
1905 | 3407000 | 0461195000 | 24287499 | 59614000 | 25446000 | 227888000 | 34771291 | ||
1906 | 32285000 | 42829000 | 014168240 | 60436000 | 2663000 | 0236457000 | 31388052 | ||
1907 | 28654000 | 429072000 | 6813432 | 75203000 | 31736000 | 264381000 | 25511923 | ||
1908 | 34226000 | 409555000 | 9846338 | 68334000 | 32883000 | 27666000 | 029514849 | ||
1909 | 35745000 | 430049000 | 9060994 | 71154000 | 33567000 | 338993000 | 20891655 | ||
1910 | 55411000 | 476553000 | 14352486 | 80327000 | 35931000 | 380833000 | 16373577 | ||
1911 | 48257000 | 482576000 | 26674844 | 7451000 | 038335000 | 377338000 | 19797456 | ||
1912 | 47707000 | 485726000 | 17167394 | 76545000 | 33778000 | 37052000 | 015125293 | ||
1913 | 41023000 | 58629000 | 09362742 | 83156000 | 33937000 | 403306000 | 13999528 | ||
1914 | 37365000 | 584209000 | 9089374 | 62919000 | 36457000 | 356227000 | 25071994 | ||
1915 | 247000 | 00477064000 | 9414905 | 78407000 | 55563000 | 418861000 | 28933673 | ||
1916 | 10287000 | 535268000 | 24467275 | 90042000 | 4356000 | 0481797000 | 23670079 | ||
1917 | 6242000 | 577381000 | 11632450 | 88187000 | 29108000 | 462932000 | 15791455 | ||
1918 | 52000 | 0577644000 | 13880627 | 87635000 | 14067000 | 485883000 | 7376760 | ||
1919 | 246000 | 67953000 | 013452850 | 113958000 | 22398000 | 630809000 | 7177193 | ||
1920 | 2000 | 0079996000 | 026487363 | 76998000 | 8873000 | 541631000 | 24376704 | ||
1921 | 323000 | 93285000 | 014475331 | 121287000 | 12606000 | 601256000 | 34463840 | ||
1922 | 55000 | 975034000 | 16660510 | 148457000 | 16966000 | 654892000 | 30316764 | ||
1923 | 472000 | 948634000 | 23769636 | 154351000 | 22905000 | 752917000 | 23752536 | ||
1924 | 334000 | 1039102000 | 15662259 | 122443000 | 21127000 | 771784000 | 18555020 | ||
1925 | 695000 | 965091000 | 4785992 | 152193000 | 22146000 | 776353000 | 9898392 | ||
1926 | 699000 | 1144647000 | 3277975 | 157862000 | 26165000 | 864295000 | 15605676 | ||
1927 | 468000 | 103403000 | 06696459 | 138771000 | 31167000 | 91862000 | 06693293 | ||
1928 | 542000 | 121000 | 2000 | 5439202 | 159754000 | 37134000 | 991355000 | 3583791 | |
1929 | 139000 | 01281321000 | 5424069 | 164196000 | 41252000 | 1015687000 | 11918405 | ||
1930 | 918000 | 1328232000 | 25174659 | 117536000 | 26284000 | 894844000 | 25056230 | ||
1931 | 1279000 | 1448187000 | 12277007 | 94189000 | 33253000 | 909476000 | 20119594 |