[中图分类号]K257 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1002-8587(2012)-02-0008-18 Ethnical Identity or Political Identity:Shengyun's Political Activities around the Fall of the Qing Dynasty Based on the documents relevant to Shengyun,this article probes Shengyun's bannership and narrates his experiences.From the perspectives of ethnical consciousness and national identity,this article explores the important activities of Shengyun after the 1911 Revolution,such as leaving for Kulun,seeking help from Mongolia and Russia,writing to Janpanese government and visiting Japan,working for restoring of the Qing.The author argues that Shengyun originally attempted to take advantage of his ethnical status of Chahar Mongolian to gain support from the tribe leaders from the inner and outer Mongolia.He fared because his ethnical identity was not based on culture and common emotion but on the aim and need to restore the old Qing regime.His activities proved that although Mongolian bannermen had the Mongohan origin,they were not culturally or emotionally different from the Manchu bannermen after living together for more than two hundred years.In order to restore the Qing,Shengyun even resorted to the foreign countries.His practice was not for his personal fame or interests,but for his political aim,even though this was against the historical tendency.For him,the consciouness of ethnical and regional identity is subject to that of political and cultural identity. 升允(1858—1931),字吉甫,号素盦,蒙古镶黄旗人。在清末和民国初年,他都是一个很有影响力的人物。他的一生,以辛亥革命为界,划分为两个阶段。前期是一个热心洋务,颇有政声的封疆大吏;后期则是四处奔走,矢志复辟清朝的遗老。关于他的评价,学界一直将其定性为晚清遗老,政治上顽固反动的复辟派。①检视相关成果,除了一些工具书中词条性质的简介文字和一篇传记外,仅有的一篇论文还是以介绍他的诗文为主。此外,就是涉及他生平片段的一些回忆性文字。这与他的影响力颇不相称,而且这些资料和成果程度不同地都存在着错误或者不确切之处。甚至一些基本情况如出身旗籍、活动经历都说法各异,迄今没见系统深入的研究成果问世。本文拟依据他的诗文、书信和国内外相关档案,从政治角度切入,并试从民族意识和国家认同视点对其清亡以后的一系列重要政治活动进行解读。 一、升允的旗籍和辛亥革命前后主要经历考辨 升允出身八旗,但关于他的旗籍,各种资料和工具书记载五花八门。多数记载他是蒙古旗人,也有记载他是满洲人的,②甚至还有说他是汉军旗人的。③有关升允为蒙古旗人的记载中,又有蒙古镶黄旗④、蒙古镶蓝旗⑤和蒙古正白旗⑥诸说。那么,哪种正确呢?我们认为蒙古镶黄旗说是正确的。首先看《清代官员履历档案全编》的记载。档案中收有两篇升允的履历,一为光绪二十一年(1895);一为光绪二十七年(1901)。⑦两份履历中都明确开列着他的旗籍:“镶黄旗蒙古瑞昌佐领下人。”这些档案是当时主管人事的吏部官员在带领“引见”给皇帝时呈报的,其权威性无可置疑。其次,反映清代各年度官员任职状况的“缙绅录”也提供了真实的信息。《大清缙绅全书》(光绪廿六年夏)载“山西省,按察司衙门:升允,蒙古镶黄旗人,举人。”《大清缙绅全书》(光绪廿七年冬)载“陕西省,陕西巡抚:升允,蒙古镶黄旗人。”⑧此外,前引《清代职官年表》虽然记升允为蒙古镶蓝旗人,但该书记载其父讷仁则为“讷仁,静山。蒙镶黄。”⑨清代虽有“抬旗”情形,但一般情况下是以家族为单位进行,不会有父亲为蒙古镶黄旗籍,儿子却系蒙古镶蓝旗籍之理。这一矛盾记述从另一角度印证,升允的确是蒙古镶黄旗出身。 由于近现代史资料异常丰富、庞杂,有关升允的经历也说法各异,有不少是风影之谈,并不确切。如,有资料说他“充俄、德出使头等参赞”;戊戌变法时因顽固守旧,曾被革职;光绪三十三年(1907)任陕甘总督;1915年自日本回国等。⑩以下据可靠资料对他的主要经历试作整理。